2201 lines
715 KiB
Plaintext
2201 lines
715 KiB
Plaintext
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rust
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è( #rustc 1.96.0 (ac68faa20 2026-05-25)ÁÀ뉊 ]!ÜÛê(¹Þ—šên -5be7b69c3ff7b5b8Á íàÄTËŸ ÜJîÄ)'ß\¥! -3d1337db07d0b3aeÁ ¤²XctÔ'ÐÓ©z¨É½Ó -a4945860e1c53b00Á ¤°ð ¾ä-±($²ï=©Ã -7e98a21bfd32b0edÁ–�òÖÀH•‘P IÓHã#£ -055f30b747f859b6Á rustc_std_workspace_coreÁCçß^ò½èÝ$Çÿ+Cé -c4878ee60b2242c9Á ŸÃï+Ñ]ŠqB<ÏïW# -8dd1dd90e70d0b6aÁ miniz_oxideÁ€š»J(P>àö÷g\K -1eb618da2918ab7fÁ adler2ÁÆ;+Þ®5¥ÌýÝ°¦ÛLˆ -f7919172d268e069Á hashbrownÁPäV9ÒÆèÜ�"ÊÖVŽ\ -0fc2184a5da6723aÁ rustc_std_workspace_allocÁs&ØòØy¯s•bæ!‰ýŠ -97e4bf30be240674Á
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std_detectÁhŠBîÙºÌI®Ë�Å�š -9dbbf8346ba7ac8bÁ rustc_demangleÁûë9´Ç×@Œ�’ùXFº -f33013f239bf9f14Á cfg_ifÁÜLh�ž§Œaã¯>� -0a71c8f33a838301Á addr2lineÁ׎Þ!]8V$É@@T· -e618e6be60e87ba2Á gimliÁ¸
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‹ás «LÖ€îâƒ×ɯŒ -ee6f3747e38367f0Á tokioÁJ;Ì3‹<þÝñŠ7_�ú -081d57d1ceb823d6Á pin_project_liteÁ·x¼+Ä`·á¨›�t—¸Íœ -2dc344ecc91b59efÁ parking_lotÁâ°r4¨6ª(ü²Hd©n¼ -21962aa896c8619bÁ lock_apiÁEcÓŽ/ÅS}sw‡A$P -0e8055cd433fa267Á
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scopeguardÁ’‰‘p ÒÞa¢ßöéqÓB -29f0bdb2ea82739eÁ parking_lot_coreÁ’Ý%Ž=Eq^U4FOV)àŸ -e1ee0517e8b9a4bfÁ smallvecÁ[“S‰«2ûÓàÁ3™ËºS -fa382cf08413422fÁ serdeÁFV æ¸Û•IÄÀz Í -9c8ce3cf08540cc3Á serde_deriveÁ,w|êñ]ù¿¥C£ð -975c43f96d83014eÁ
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opaque_futureÁ retryÁ backoffÁ MakeBackoffÁ BackoffÁ make_backoffÁ · FutureÁ next_backoffÁ £ æ £ · Å £ baseÁ jitterÁ £ ß ì #> %× budgetÁ (
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generationÁ 4 reserveÁ 4 slotsÁ 4 windowÁ 4 writerÁ 4 deposit_amountÁ 4 withdraw_amountÁ ) <æ < expireÁ < sumÁ ? < putÁ < try_getÁ )C depositÁ C withdrawÁ )F> )H× ( ( BudgetÁ K‡ K• futureÁ N NNNNNNNNN N
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² UnsyncBoxServiceÁ ¾¥ ¾¦ ¾– ¾¿/ ² UnsyncBoxFutureÁ Ã¥ Ö ² Æ¥ Ʀ Æ– Ææ ʤ Æß Ì¤ ²Î¥ Φ Ζ Î� Î Îß Îµ ÎÑ ²×¥ צ ×– ×× ²Ü¤ Ü£ Ü� Ü Üß Üµ ÜÑ † †††††Í boxed_cloneÁ ê êêêêêêêêê ê
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ü ‡D üÌ2 / `async fn(Request) -> Result<Response, Error>`Á ÿ ú tƒ # OverviewÁ ’ ú ü–F C Tower is a library of modular and reusable components for buildingÁ üÝ* ' robust networking clients and servers.Á ˆ ú üŒJ G Tower provides a simple core abstraction, the [`Service`] trait, whichÁ ü×O L represents an asynchronous function taking a request and returning either aÁ ü§P M response or an error. This abstraction can be used to model both clients andÁ dø servers.Á … ú ü‰P M Generic components, like [`timeout`], [rate limiting], and [load balancing],Á üÚI F can be modeled as [`Service`]s that wrap some inner service and applyÁ ü¤P M additional behavior before or after the inner service is called. This allowsÁ üõT Q implementing these components in a protocol-agnostic, composable way. Typically,Á üÊ2 / such services are referred to as _middleware_.Á ý ú ü� F C An additional abstraction, the [`Layer`] trait, is used to composeÁ üÈ J G middleware with [`Service`]s. If a [`Service`] can be thought of as anÁ ü“
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P M a function taking a [`Service`] of one type and returning a [`Service`] of aÁ üµ N K different type. The [`ServiceBuilder`] type is used to add middleware to aÁ ü„ 5 2 service by composing it with multiple [`Layer`]s.Á º ú Ô¾ ## The Tower EcosystemÁ Ù ú üÝ - * Tower is made up of the following crates:Á ‹
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O L Since the [`Service`] and [`Layer`] traits are important integration pointsÁ üÃK H for all libraries using Tower, they are kept as stable as possible, andÁ ü�M J breaking changes are made rarely. Therefore, they are defined in separateÁ üÝF C crates, [`tower-service`] and [`tower-layer`]. This crate containsÁ ü¤E B re-exports of those core traits, implementations of commonly-usedÁ üêM J middleware, and [utilities] for working with [`Service`]s and [`Layer`]s.Á ü¸O L Finally, the [`tower-test`] crate provides tools for testing programs usingÁ Tˆ Tower.Á “ ú \— # UsageÁ £ ú ü§O L Tower provides an abstraction layer, and generic implementations of variousÁ ü÷O L middleware. This means that the `tower` crate on its own does *not* provideÁ üÇL I a working implementation of a network client or server. Instead, Tower'sÁ ü”F C [`Service` trait][`Service`] provides an integration point betweenÁ üÛI F application code, libraries providing middleware implementations, andÁ ü¥G D libraries that implement servers and/or clients for various networkÁ tí protocols.Á ü ú ü€O L Depending on your particular use case, you might use Tower in several ways:Á Ð ú üÔK H * **Implementing application logic** for a networked program. You mightÁ ü M J use the [`Service`] trait to model your application's behavior, and useÁ üîN K the middleware [provided by this crate](#modules) and by other librariesÁ ü½I F to add functionality to clients and servers provided by one or moreÁ ü‡ protocol implementations.Á ü§O L * **Implementing middleware** to add custom behavior to network clients andÁ ü÷L I servers in a reusable manner. This might be general-purpose middlewareÁ üÄO L (and if it is, please consider releasing your middleware as a library forÁ ü”K H other Tower users!) or application-specific behavior that needs to beÁ üà1 . shared between multiple clients or servers.Á ü’ K H * **Implementing a network protocol**. Libraries that implement networkÁ üÞ G D protocols (such as HTTP) can depend on `tower-service` to use theÁ ü¦ M J [`Service`] trait as an integration point between the protocol and userÁ üô P M code. For example, a client for some protocol might implement [`Service`],Á üÅ H E allowing users to add arbitrary Tower middleware to those clients.Á üŽ L I Similarly, a server might be created from a user-provided [`Service`].Á Û ú üß J G Additionally, when a network protocol requires functionality alreadyÁ üª P M provided by existing Tower middleware, a protocol implementation might useÁ üû F C Tower middleware internally, as well as as an integration point.Á Â! ú ´Æ! ## Library SupportÁ Ý! ú üá!N K A number of third-party libraries support Tower and the [`Service`] trait.Á ü°": 7 The following is an incomplete list of such libraries:Á ë" ú üï"B ? * [`hyper`]: A fast and correct low-level HTTP implementation.Á ü²#J G * [`tonic`]: A [gRPC-over-HTTP/2][grpc] implementation built on top ofÁ üý#P M [`hyper`]. See [here][tonic-examples] for examples of using [`tonic`] withÁ dÎ$ Tower.Á üÛ$< 9 * [`warp`]: A lightweight, composable web framework. SeeÁ ü˜%D A [here][warp-service] for details on using [`warp`] with Tower.Á üÝ%5 2 * [`tower-lsp`]: implementations of the [LanguageÁ ü“&+ ( Serv
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{؇\ñ |k<Ž Ì� ~·$— œØ — <± & €|0 ü N K This module contains generic [backoff] utilities to be used with the retryÁ TO layer.Á Zú ü^M J The [`Backoff`] trait is a generic way to represent backoffs that can useÁ œ¬ any timer type.Á Àú üÄ? < [`ExponentialBackoffMaker`] implements the maker type for Á ü„N K [`ExponentialBackoff`] which implements the [`Backoff`] trait and providesÁ üÓA > a batteries included exponential backoff and jitter strategy.Á •ú ü™@ = [backoff]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_backoffÁ <8 Å
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Œßwœöjœ�[\¨M„º?A02¬› üß; 8 Trait used to construct [`Backoff`] trait implementors.Á \¥ Îì ü›¾ é¢ é¢ Íìñ¢ ´è ¥£ <ö �£ ´£ ¬è ü·, ) The backoff type produced by this maker.Á<í ü«, ü„" Constructs a new backoff type.Ád® › ›ñ¢¥£ »
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ñ¢$ÀŒµ üÛH E A backoff trait where a single mutable reference represents a singleÁ ü¤J G backoff session. Implementors must also implement [`Clone`] which willÁ üïE B reset the backoff back to the default state for the next session.Á <¿ é¢üµ� é¢ é¢ Íìñ¢ ü¯ ! ‚Øè§ œ¼ è§ƒØ \à à§- ø§! ‰¨ ü¯ üÍK H The future associated with each backoff. This usually will be some sortÁ l�
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& $ã.± é.üÚ/) ºÁ tA ü M J A retry "budget" for allowing only a certain amount of retries over time.Á N ú üR& # # Why budgets and not max retries?Á y ú ü}F C The most common way of configuring retries is to specify a maximumÁ üÄ[ X number of retry attempts to perform before giving up. This is a familiar idea to anyoneÁ ü c ` who’s used a web browser: you try to load a webpage, and if it doesn’t load, you try again.Á ü„J G If it still doesn’t load, you try a third time. Finally you give up.Á Ï ú üÓU R Unfortunately, there are at least two problems with configuring retries this way:Á © ú üI F **Choosing the maximum number of retry attempts is a guessing game.**Á ü÷i f You need to pick a number that’s high enough to make a difference when things are somewhat failing,Á üág d but not so high that it generates extra load on the system when it’s really failing. In practice,Á üÉa ^ you usually pick a maximum retry attempts number out of a hat (e.g. 3) and hope for the best.Á « ú ü¯C @ **Systems configured this way are vulnerable to retry storms.**Á üóa ^ A retry storm begins when one service starts to experience a larger than normal failure rate.Á üÕf c This causes its clients to retry those failed requests. The extra load from the retries causes theÁ ü¼ c ` service to slow down further and fail more requests, triggering more retries. If each client isÁ ü
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d a configured to retry up to 3 times, this can quadruple the number of requests being sent! To makeÁ ü… k h matters even worse, if any of the clients’ clients are configured with retries, the number of retriesÁ üñ t q compounds multiplicatively and can turn a small number of errors into a self-inflicted denial of service attack.Á æ ú üê k h It's generally dangerous to implement retries without some limiting factor. [`Budget`]s are that limit.Á Ö
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ú tÚ
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# ExamplesÁ é
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ú \í
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```rustÁ üù
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! use std::{future, sync::Arc};Á › ú üŸ< 9 use tower::retry::{budget::{Budget, TpsBudget}, Policy};Á Ü ú ´à type Req = String;Á ´÷ type Res = String;Á Ž ú Ü’ #[derive(Clone, Debug)]Á Ä® struct RetryPolicy {Á üÇ budget: Arc<TpsBudget>,Á ,ç }Á í ú üñ1 . impl<E> Policy<Req, Res, E> for RetryPolicy {Á ü£( % type Future = future::Ready<()>;Á Ì ú üÐa ^ fn retry(&mut self, req: &mut Req, result: &mut Result<Res, E>) -> Option<Self::Future> {Á Ô² match result {Á ÔÍ Ok(_) => {Á üè8 5 // Treat all `Response`s as success,Á ü¡; 8 // so deposit budget and don't retry...Á üÝ* ' self.budget.deposit();Á Ĉ NoneÁ Œ¡ }Á ܳ Err(_) => {Á üÏ6 3 // Treat all errors as failures...Á ü†G D // Withdraw the budget, don't retry if we overdrew.Á üÎ: 7 let withdrew = self.budget.withdraw();Á ü‰" if !withdrew {Á ü¬$ ! return None;Á ¬Ñ }Á ç ú üë! // Try again!Á ü�+ ( Some(future::ready(()))Á Œ¹ »Í lË
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}Á LÙ }Á ã ú üç? < fn clone_request(&mut self, req: &Req) -> Option<Req> {Á ì§ Some(req.clone())Á LÅ ÕÑ ,Ï ›É <Õ ‚ø 4I )KÅL‡ 4 J”Þ ü 8 5 Transactions Per Minute (Tps) Budget implementationsÁ Tæ 4ã
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× I ¤, ) + AtomicIsizeÁ\k Ýà ) .®Dx ¼À ) /¤,‹ µ> ) 0€�D£ Ö ) 1 InstantÁ<Á e ) 2½ 4Ö K ) 3 >—™Ä>ü>*…‡vxgit�[¤´FlÏ9¤û üß? < A Transactions Per Minute config for managing retry tokens.Á Ÿú ü£Q N [`TpsBudget`] uses a token bucket to decide if the request should be retried.Á õú üù` ] [`TpsBudget`] works by checking how much retries have been made in a certain period of time.Á üÚ] Z Minimum allowed number of retries are effectively reset on an interval. Allowed number ofÁ ü¸A > retries depends on failed request count in recent time frame.Á úú üþP M For more info about [`Budget`], please see the [module-level documentation].Á Ïú üÓ' $ [module-level documentation]: superÁ L† Æ !�¥oïgŒ 56789:;ì–T–) 4 4 µ>µ> ¤ ·>¿/£> ¸> poisonÁ£> ¹> dataÁ£> Ë»™z™g—ˆÂtê<ê) 4 4 Ì©,©) 4 4 �� žÉû ¡ˆˆ ¢‰ˆ l }.xÏ
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) 4 4 tù ÆÂ=>?AB üçG üŽ I F Create a [`TpsBudget`] that allows for a certain percent of the totalÁ ÜÜ requests to be retried.Á ü ú ü„
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H E - The `ttl` is the duration of how long a single `deposit` should beÁ üÑ
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3 0 considered. Must be between 1 and 60 seconds.Á ü‰M J - The `min_per_sec` is the minimum rate of retries allowed to accommodateÁ üÛI F clients that have just started issuing requests, or clients that doÁ ü©) & not issue many requests per window.Á ü×J G - The `retry_percent` is the percentage of calls to `deposit` that canÁ ü¦D A be retried. This is in addition to any retries allowed for viaÁ üï0 - `min_per_sec`. Must be between 0 and 1000.Á ¤ú ü¬L I As an example, if `0.1` is used, then for every 10 calls to `deposit`,Á üýE B 1 retry will be allowed. If `2.0` is used, then every `deposit`Á ÜÇ allows for 2 retries.Á î ô�Æ < <
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= ttlÁ ò min_per_secÁ\�
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retry_percentÁl“„¯ 4² ) ¤ ¤Æ < ¹ <
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„� ü“P œÙ ä ú üè& # [module-level documentation]: selfÁ 4™ K K é¢ü�Å K é¢ é¢ LMLM M L ”ˆ ü¦H E Store a "deposit" in the budget, which will be used to permit futureÁ „ó
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withdrawals.Á<‹ ñ¢ K “ K
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Lñ¢$” Ü· ü H E Check whether there is enough "balance" in the budget to issue a newÁ Tí retry.Á ü ú ü„. + If there is not enough, false is returned.ÁDº ® ®ñ¢ K à K
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üë# ü±5 2 Creates a new [`RetryLayer`] from a retry policy.Á ø ŒÄ‰Ç h h
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oŒÄ’Ä$£Ìb<©Tl 4prß4 ‚Ø p qœìæ ü@ = A "retry policy" to classify if a request should be retried.Á [ú l_
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# ExampleÁ mú <q‚ø ìy use tower::retry::Policy;Á ¤— use std::future;Á ¬ú ´°ãÇ ´Ç‚È Þú Üâ struct Attempts(usize);Á þú ü‚. + impl<E> Policy<Req, Res, E> for Attempts {Á ü±(ñÉ Úú üÞa¯Ê ÔÀ™Ë ÔÛ¼Ë üö8àË ü¯( % // so don't retry...Á ÄØšÍ ”ñ },Á Ü„ÕÍ ü 6úÍ ü×= : // But we limit the number of attempts...Á ü•# if self.0 > 0 {Á ü¹% " // Try again!Á üß$ ! self.0 -= 1;Á ü„/ , Some(future::ready(()))Á ä´ } else {Á üÑ= : // Used all our attempts, no retry...Á ä� NoneÁ ¬¬¨Ð ŒÂ»Í lÔ¿Ñ LâÕÑ ìú üð?ôÑ ì° ¼Ò LÎ ÕÑ ,Ø ›É <Þ ‚ø 4ð r Ê s Ô t – u t r s u é¢üæ Ò Íìˆñ ÷ ÍìÔ ü Íì™Ñ �
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6 3 The [`Future`] type returned by [`Policy::retry`].Á4Ê
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r r üÀX üì
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< 9 Check the policy if a certain request should be retried.Á ú üµ I F This method is passed a reference to the original request, and eitherÁ üƒ K H the [`Service::Response`] or [`Service::Error`] from the inner service.Á Ó ú üÛ < 9 If the request should **not** be retried, return `None`.Á œ
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L I If the request *should* be retried, return `Some` future that will delayÁ üõ
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J G the next retry of the request. This can be used to sleep for a certainÁ üÄL I duration, to wait for some external condition to be met before retrying,Á ü•H E or resolve right away, if the request should be retried immediately.Á âú Äê ## Mutating RequestsÁ ‡ú ü�L I The policy MAY chose to mutate the `req`: if the request is mutated, theÁ üàH E mutated request will be sent to the inner service in the next retry.Á üH E This can be helpful for use cases like tracking the retry count in aÁ \ú header.Á Šú ¼’ ## Mutating ResultsÁ ®ú ü¶E B The policy MAY chose to mutate the result. This enables the retryÁ ü€K H policy to convert a failure into a success and vice versa. For example,Á üÐG D if the policy is used to poll while waiting for a state change, theÁ üœJ G policy can switch the result to emit a specific error when retries areÁ të exhausted.Á þú ü†A > The policy can also record metadata on the request to includeÁ üÌH E information about the number of retries required or to record that aÁ ü™0 - failure failed after exhausting all retries.Á Îú üÖ3 0 [`Service::Response`]: crate::Service::ResponseÁ üŽ- * [`Service::Error`]: crate::Service::ErrorÁ,à ³ ´ µ ³ñ¢ ´ˆñ µÖ¿Ù¿ Ú¿« Û¿ˆ Ü¿ Ý¿Þ¿ˆ ‚†f|Â
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wñ¢ˆñúŠ™Ñ$ÎÓ Ô� 4ãü€6 üžF C Tries to clone a request before being passed to the inner service.Á éú üñI F If the request cannot be cloned, return [`None`]. Moreover, the retryÁ ü¿< 9 function will not be called if the [`None`] is returned.Álƒ ¶ · ¶ñ¢ ·ˆñ üª r ‘ r
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9 6 Retry the inner service depending on this [`Policy`].Á Î
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Ĥ ¤ ð — ñ ñ ð ×¾ © ®Ô ¬ ÇÍòó üì( üÃ$ ! Creates a new `AndThen` service.Á ù ÌÔÆÇÍ ï ï
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ò ÌÔÆ¿/¾‰±È‰ü‰% ü¿? < Returns a new [`Layer`] that produces [`AndThen`] services.Á ƒ ú ü‹K H This is a convenience function that simply calls [`AndThenLayer::new`].Á Û ú üã! [`Layer`]: tower_layer::LayerÁ,� ÔƞРï ï
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! üy#! A boxed [`Layer`] trait object.Á �!ú ü¡V! S [`BoxLayer`] turns a layer into a trait object, allowing both the [`Layer`] itselfÁ üøL! I and the output [`Service`] to be dynamic, while having consistent types.Á Å!ú üÉL! I This [`Layer`] produces [`BoxService`] instances erasing the type of theÁ ü–2! / [`Service`] produced by the wrapped [`Layer`].Á É!ú lÍ!³� Û!ú üßd! a `BoxLayer` can, for example, be useful to create layers dynamically that otherwise wouldn't haveÁ üÄC! @ the same types. In this example, we include a [`Timeout`] layerÁ üˆA! > only if an environment variable is set. We can use `BoxLayer`Á üÊD! A to return a consistent type regardless of runtime configuration:Á �!ú <“!‚ø ä›! use std::time::Duration;Á ü¸C! @ use tower::{Service, ServiceBuilder, BoxError, util::BoxLayer};Á ü!ú ü€D! A fn common_layer<S, T>() -> BoxLayer<S, T, S::Response, BoxError>Á LÅ! whereÁ üÏ'! $ S: Service<T> + Send + 'static,Á ü÷"! S::Future: Send + 'static,Á üš+! ( S::Error: Into<BoxError> + 'static,Á ,Æ! {Á üÌ+! ( let builder = ServiceBuilder::new()Á üø$! ! .concurrency_limit(100);Á � !ú ü¡ 1! . if std::env::var("SET_TIMEOUT").is_ok() {Á üÓ ! let layer = builderÁ üó 1! . .timeout(Duration::from_secs(30))Á ô¥
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"ú üƒ," ) BoxCloneServiceLayer::new(layer)Á „°"Ðý üÁ "�ü üá$"øý ô†"óü ¥"ú ü©,"¢ž LÖ"ÕÑ ,à"›É æ"ú üê@" = // We can clone the layer (this is true of BoxLayer as well)Á ü«+" ( let boxed_clone_layer = common_layer();Á ×"ú üÛ1" . let cloned_layer = boxed_clone_layer.clone();Á �"ú ü‘I" F // Using the `BoxCloneServiceLayer` we can create a `BoxCloneService`Á üÛn" k let service: BoxCloneService<Request, Response, BoxError> = ServiceBuilder::new().layer(boxed_clone_layer)Á üÊ+" ( .service_fn(|req: Request| async {Á üö." + Ok::<_, BoxError>(Response::new())Á \¥" });Á ±"ú üµ," ) # let service = assert_service(service);Á â"ú üæ)" & // And we can still clone the serviceÁ ü�)" & let cloned_service = service.clone();Á ,º"»š üÀ*" ' # fn assert_service<S, R>(svc: S) -> SÁ üë!" # where S: Service<R> { svc }Á �"ú <‘"‚ø ™"ú ü�!"ïâ ü¿'"Žÿ üç%"¿ÿ ü� "îÿ ¤¸" À' » ¥ ¼ ¦ ½ – ¾ » ¾ ¼ ½ Ü�Í" ˆ· Ñ" õ� Ô" …‹ ×"ÀÑ ìêök±ÇV ¿68 ;= @B EG üàU",à"± º º †J†J K ‰Jµ �7 ŠJ“‚�7 ‹J¤�7 ·0ØQd�è 'Ú‰Ñ 'Ü‰Ñ ö ö ÷‰5 ûˆ ê ý„æ(_¶óÊ“Ñ™Ñ � Ìì€ýüº3" À' Á ¥  ¦ à – Ä Ä Â Ã Á Ü�¿" ˆ· Ã" õ� Æ" …‹ É"ÀÑÅ #% (* -/ 24 ü£ë" üô*" ' Create a new [`BoxCloneServiceLayer`].Á ª" “†ÀÑ À� Æ Æ À
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T# Q fn common_layer<S, T>() -> BoxCloneSyncServiceLayer<S, T, S::Response, BoxError>Á LÎ #³ù üØ 6# 3 S: Service<T> + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,Á ü� "#÷ù ü² +#£ú ,Þ #×ú üä +#æú ü�
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S P Yields a mutable reference to the service when it is ready to accept a request.Á,Æ � �ñ¢ ¡ ¡ ¢È ¦ˆ € ¾ ÿ!WɵY �ñ¢ºÍ Ê Ì Ê Íìñ¢ ,‹
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Î ñ¢ºÍ$å Ó ë ü±� üã` ] Process all requests from the given [`Stream`], and produce a [`Stream`] of their responses.Á È ú üÐV S This is essentially [`Stream<Item = Request>`][stream] + `Self` => [`Stream<Item =Á ü«B ? Response>`][stream]. See the documentation for [`CallAll`] forÁ dò details.Á ƒ ú ü‹O ¢ö üßM J [stream]: https://docs.rs/futures/latest/futures/stream/trait.Stream.htmlÁD´ ñ¢ïÄ Ü
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Ï ñ¢ºÍïÄ$À reqsÁ$Æ RT üÜ'_ üåI F Executes a new future after this service's future resolves. This doesÁ ü³9 6 not alter the behaviour of the [`poll_ready`] method.Á ñ ú üùJ G This method can be used to change the [`Response`] type of the serviceÁ üÈX U into a different type. You can use this method to chain along a computation once theÁ ü¥) & service's response has been resolved.Á Ó ú üÛ* ' [`Response`]: crate::Service::ResponseÁ üŠ. + [`poll_ready`]: crate::Service::poll_readyÁ ½ ú lÅ ³� <× ‚ø üã% " # use std::task::{Poll, Context};Á ü� ' $ # use tower::{Service, ServiceExt};Á ,¹ »š ìà # struct DatabaseService;Á äå # impl DatabaseService {Á ü† ' $ # fn new(address: &str) -> Self {Á ܲ # DatabaseServiceÁ LÒ # }Á <à Ñ› ,ì »š ¬ö # struct Record {Á Ì� # pub name: String,Á ¤® # pub age: u16Á <Ç Ñ› ,Ó »š üÝ - * # impl Service<u32> for DatabaseService {Á ü� # type Response = Record;Á ij # type Error = u8;Á üÐ = : # type Future = std::future::Ready<Result<Record, u8>>;Á ,’ »š üœ Y V # fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {Á üú # Poll::Ready(Ok(()))Á Lž! ÕÈ ,¬! »š ü¶!: 7 # fn call(&mut self, request: u32) -> Self::Future {Á üõ!K H # std::future::ready(Ok(Record { name: "Jack".into(), age: 32 }))Á LÅ" ÕÈ <Ó" Ñ› ,ß" »š üé"P M # async fn avatar_lookup(name: String) -> Result<Vec<u8>, u8> { Ok(vec![]) }Á ,¾# »š ŒÈ# ¾± „Þ#
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# async {Á üó#, ) // A service returning Result<Record, _>Á ü¤$9 6 let service = DatabaseService::new("127.0.0.1:8080");Á â$ ú üê$+ ( // Map the response into a new responseÁ üš%H E let mut new_service = service.and_then(|record: Record| async move {Á üç% let name = record.name;Á ü‹&! avatar_lookup(name).awaitÁ <±& úã ½& ú ÜÅ& // Call the new serviceÁ „å&
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let id = 13;Á üú&5 2 let avatar = new_service.call(id).await.unwrap();Á \´' # };Á <Ä' Ñ› <Ð' ‚øDß' ñ¢¶ï Ò Ò Çw Õ ¿/ Î Ö ± Î
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Ö ñ¢ºÍ¶ïâÚ$ËH ± ÑH wy |~ üé†ß üèIK H Maps this service's result type (`Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>`)Á ü¸JF C to a different value, regardless of whether the future succeeds orÁ TƒK fails.Á ’K ú üšKH E This is similar to the [`map_response`] and [`map_err`] combinators,Á üçKH E except that the *same* function is invoked when the service's futureÁ ü´LH E completes, whether it completes successfully or fails. This functionÁ ü�MH E takes the [`Result`] returned by the service's future, and returns aÁ |ÎM [`Result`].Á âM ú üêMH E Like the standard library's [`Result::and_then`], this method can beÁ ü·NL I used to implement control flow based on `Result` values. For example, itÁ üˆOD A may be used to implement error recovery, by turning some [`Err`]Á üÑOE B responses from the service into [`Ok`] responses. Similarly, someÁ ü›PL I successful responses from the service could be rejected, by returning anÁ üìPM J [`Err`] conditionally, depending on the value inside the [`Ok`]. Finally,Á ü¾QL I this method can also be used to implement behaviors that must run when aÁ ü�RM J service's future completes, regardless of whether it succeeded or failed.Á áR ú üéRJ Âà ü¸SK H into a different type. It can also be used to change the [`Error`] typeÁ üˆTO L of the service. However, because the [`map_result`] function is not appliedÁ üÜTJ G to the errors returned by the service's [`poll_ready`] method, it mustÁ ü«UK H be possible to convert the service's [`Error`] type into the error typeÁ üûUN K returned by the [`map_result`] function. This is trivial when the functionÁ üÎVJ G returns the same error type as the service, but in other cases, it canÁ ü�WA > be useful to use [`BoxError`] to erase differing error types.Á ãW ú tëW £Æ þW ú ü†X# Recovering from certain errors:Á ®X ú <¶X ‚ø üÂX% ÉÆ üìX' øÆ ,˜Y »š ì¢Y µÇ äÄY ÛÇ üåY' �È Ü‘Z ±È L±Z ÕÈ <¿Z Ñ› ,ËZ »š ¬ÕZ �É ÌïZ ŸÉ ¤�[ ÁÉ <¦[ Ñ› ´²[ # #[derive(Debug)]Á ¤Í[ # enum DbError {Á üæ[' $ # Parse(std::num::ParseIntError),Á ¼’\ # NoRecordsFound,Á <®\ Ñ› ,º\ »š üÄ\- ùÉ üö\$ ! # type Response = Vec<Record>;Á ìŸ] # type Error = DbError;Á üÁ]G D # type Future = std::future::Ready<Result<Vec<Record>, DbError>>;Á ,�^ »š ü—^Y ÎË üõ^ ±Ì L™_ ÕÈ ,§_ »š ü±_: ôÌ üð_Q N # std::future::ready(Ok(vec![Record { name: "Jack".into(), age: 32 }]))Á LÆ` ÕÈ <Ô` Ñ› ,à` »š Œê` ¾± „€a §Ï ü•a7 4 // A service returning Result<Vec<Record>, DbError>Á üÑa9 ÷Ï �b ú ü—bU R // If the database returns no records for the query, we just want an empty `Vec`.Á üñbD A let mut new_service = service.map_result(|result| match result {Á üºcT Q // If the error indicates that no records matched the query, return an emptyÁ Ì“d // `Vec` instead.Á ü±d7 4 Err(DbError::NoRecordsFound) => Ok(Vec::new()),Á üídC @ // Propagate all other responses (`Ok` and `Err`) unchangedÁ |µe x => x,Á <Ée úã Õe ú ÜÝe ¹Ò „ýe ÝÒ Ô’f §Ý „±f …þ |Æf žþ ŒÚf äÝ „ðf Üþ Ü…g # Ok::<(), DbError>(())Á \¥g µÓ <µg Ñ› <Ág ‚ø Íg ú üÕg" Rejecting some `Ok` responses:Á üg ú <„h ‚ø ü�h% ÉÆ üºh' øÆ ,æh »š ìðh µÇ ä’i ÛÇ ü³i' �È Üßi ±È Lÿi ÕÈ <�j Ñ› ,™j »š ¬£j �É Ì½j ŸÉ ¤Ûj ÁÉ <ôj Ñ› ä€k # type DbError = String;Á ì¡k # type AppError = String;Á ,Ãk »š üÍk- ùÉ üÿk °Ê ì£l Ÿ�
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üÅlB ? # type Future = std::future::Ready<Result<Record, DbError>>;Á ,Œm »š ü–mY ÎË üôm ±Ì L˜n ÕÈ ,¦n »š ü°n: ôÌ üïnK ¸Í L¿o ÕÈ <Ío Ñ› ,Ùo »š Œão ¾± „ùo §Ï ÄŽp use tower::BoxError;Á «p ú ü³p2 / // A service returning Result<Record, DbError>Á üêp9 ÷Ï ¨q ú ü°q6 3 // If the user is zero years old, return an error.Á üëq7 4 let mut new_service = service.map_result(|result| {Á ä§r let record = result?;Á Èr ú ÜÐr if record.age == 0 {Á üðr8 5 // Users must have been born to use our app!Á üsK H let app_error = AppError::from("users cannot be 0 years old!");Á ýs ú ü…tJ G // Box the error to erase its type (as it can be an `AppError`Á üÔt3 0 // *or* the inner service's `DbError`).Á üŒu2 / return Err(BoxError::from(app_error));Á LÃu ÕÑ Ñu ú üÙu( % // Otherwise, return the record.Á ”†v Ok(record)Á <�v úã ©v ú ܱv ¹Ò „Ñv ÝÒ äæv let record = new_serviceÁ „‡w …þ |œw žþ Œ°w äÝ „Æw Üþ äÛw # Ok::<(), BoxError>(())Á \üw µÓ <Œx Ñ› <˜x ‚ø ¤x ú ü¬xJ G Performing an action that must be run for both successes and failures:Á ûx ú <ƒy ‚ø ü�y # use std::convert::TryFrom;Á ü´y% ÉÆ üÞy' øÆ ,Šz »š ì”z µÇ ä¶z ÛÇ ü×z' �È Üƒ{ ±È L£{ ÕÈ <±{ Ñ› ,½{ »š üÇ{- ùÉ üù{ �æ Ä�| ØÊ üº|= : # type Future = std::future::Ready<Result<String, u8>>;Á ,ü| »š ü†}Y ÎË üä} ±Ì Lˆ~ ÕÈ ,–~ »š ü ~: ôÌ üß~1 ÷ç L• ÕÈ <£ Ñ› ,¯ »š Œ¹ ¾± |Ï åè üã2 •�
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üš€9 ÷Ï Ø€ ú üà€2 / // Print a message whenever a query completes.Á ü—�7 «�
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üÓ�@ = println!("query completed; success={}", result.is_ok());Á t˜‚ resultÁ <«‚ úã ·‚ ú Ü¿‚ ¹Ò „ß‚ ÝÒ ôô‚ let response = new_serviceÁ „—ƒ …þ |¬ƒ žþ ŒÀƒ äÝ |Öƒ .await;Á têƒ # responseÁ \ýƒ µÓ <�„ Ñ› <™„ ‚ø ¥„ ú ü„. + [`map_response`]: ServiceExt::map_responseÁ üà„$ ! [`map_err`]: ServiceExt::map_errÁ ü‰…* ' [`map_result`]: ServiceExt::map_resultÁ ü¸…$ ã üá…* ·Å ü�†. ëÅ üÆ! [`BoxError`]: crate::BoxErrorÁTì† ñ¢¶ï Ð Ð ñ— Ó¿/ ã Ô± ã €`Ë÷P÷ñ¢¶ï Ê — Ú � Û Ü Ú Û Ü Ê �¨ ÷† ØÿDú† ñ“,„‡ “º ,Ň é Ï“áî ŒÛ‡ –"¶ïÖ¿Ù¿ Ú¿« Û¿ˆ Ü¿ Ý¿Þ¿ˆ ‚†f|Â
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Ù ñ¢ºÍ¶ï¾ÿÏ“$‹‡ ± ‘‡ êì îð òô üŸ•ˆ üúˆ2 / Composes a function *in front of* the service.Á ±‰ ú ü¹‰J G This adapter produces a new service that passes each value through theÁ üˆŠ3 0 given function `f` before sending it to `self`.Á ÀŠ ú lÈŠ ³� <ÚŠ ‚ø üæŠ è—
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,ÖŽ »š üàŽY ÎË ü¾� ±Ì Lâ� ÕÈ ,ð� »š üú�= : # fn call(&mut self, request: String) -> Self::Future {Á ü¼�1 ÷ç Lò� ÕÈ <€‘ Ñ› ,Œ‘ »š Œ–‘ ¾± |¬‘ åè üÀ‘- * // A service taking a String as a requestÁ üò‘9 ÷Ï °’ ú ü¸’' $ // Map the request to a new requestÁ üä’H E let mut new_service = service.map_request(|id: u32| id.to_string());Á ±“ ú ܹ“ ¹Ò „Ù“ ÝÒ ôî“ ·�
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$½• ± Õ wy pr ü¯ßü ü²¿; 8 Composes an asynchronous function *after* this service.Á ò¿ ú üú¿J G This takes a function or closure returning a future, and returns a newÁ üÉÀL I `Service` that chains that function after this service's [`Future`]. TheÁ üšÁJ G new `Service`'s future will consist of this service's future, followedÁ üéÁL I by the future returned by calling the chained function with the future'sÁ üºÂI F [`Output`] type. The chained function is called regardless of whetherÁ üˆÃI F this service's future completes with a successful response or with anÁ TÖà error.Á åà ú üíÃD A This method can be thought of as an equivalent to the [`futures`Á ü¶ÄJ G crate]'s [`FutureExt::then`] combinator, but acting on `Service`s thatÁ ü…ÅL I _return_ futures, rather than on an individual future. Similarly to thatÁ üÖÅJ G combinator, [`ServiceExt::then`] can be used to implement asynchronousÁ ü¥ÆE B error recovery, by calling some asynchronous function with errorsÁ üïÆJ G returned by this service. Alternatively, it may also be used to call aÁ ü¾ÇI F fallible async function with the successful response of this service.Á ŒÈ ú ü”ÈJ Âà üãÈK Ëø ü³ÉG D of the service. However, because the `then` function is not appliedÁ üÿÉJ ùù üÎÊK Íú üžËD A returned by the `then` future. This is trivial when the functionÁ üçËJ úû ü¶ÌA Îü üÌ ú t„Í £Æ —Í ú <ŸÍ ‚ø ü«Í% ÉÆ üÕÍ' øÆ ,�Î »š ì‹Î µÇ äÎ ÛÇ üÎÎ' �È ÜúÎ ±È LšÏ ÕÈ <¨Ï Ñ› ,´Ï »š ¼¾Ï # type Record = ();Á ÄÚÏ # type DbError = ();Á ,÷Ï »š ü�Ð- ùÉ ü³Ð °Ê ì×Ð Ÿ�
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,ÀÑ »š üÊÑY ÎË ü¨Ò ±Ì LÌÒ ÕÈ ,ÚÒ »š üäÒ: ôÌ ü£Ó& # # std::future::ready(Ok(()))Á LÎÓ ÕÈ <ÜÓ Ñ› ,èÓ »š ŒòÓ ¾± üˆÔ2 •�
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ü¿Ô9 ÷Ï ýÔ ú ü…ÕM J // An async function that attempts to recover from errors returned by theÁ „×Õ
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# Ok(())Á ,åÖ ›É „ïÖ §Ï „× ú üŒ×F C // If the database service returns an error, attempt to recover byÁ ü××O L // calling `recover_from_error`. Otherwise, return the successful response.Á ü«Ø< 9 let mut new_service = service.then(|result| async move {Á ´ìØ match result {Á ü‡Ù% " Ok(record) => Ok(record),Á ü±Ù2 / Err(e) => recover_from_error(e).await,Á LèÙ ÕÑ <öÙ úã ‚Ú ú ÜŠÚ ¹Ò „ªÚ ÝÒ ä¿Ú É•
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\ÔÛ µÓ <äÛ Ñ› <ðÛ ‚ø üÛ ú ü„Ü& # [`Future`]: crate::Service::FutureÁ ü¯Ü+ ( [`Output`]: std::future::Future::OutputÁ üßÜ. + [`futures` crate]: https://docs.rs/futuresÁ ü’Ýg d [`FutureExt::then`]: https://docs.rs/futures/latest/futures/future/trait.FutureExt.html#method.thenÁ üþÝ$ ã ü§Þ* ·Å üÖÞ. ëÅ ü‰ß! ¼
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à ñ¢ºÍ¶ï¾ÿÏ“�§$Ðß ± Öß Ÿ¡ £¥ §© « üæñç üØáH E Composes a function that transforms futures produced by the service.Á ¥â ú üâ\ Y This takes a function or closure returning a future computed from the future returned byÁ üŽãV S the service's [`call`] method, as opposed to the responses produced by the future.Á éã ú tñã £Æ „ä ú <Œä ‚ø ü˜ä% ÉÆ üÂä1 . # use tower::{Service, ServiceExt, BoxError};Á ,øä »š ì‚å µÇ ä¤å ÛÇ üÅå' �È Üñå ±È L‘æ ÕÈ <Ÿæ Ñ› ,«æ »š ¼µæ Õ¼
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üŽì9 ÷Ï „Ìì §Ï áì ú üéìB ? let mut new_service = service.map_future(|future| async move {Á ü°íA > let res = timeout(Duration::from_secs(1), future).await?;Á ôöí Ok::<_, BoxError>(res)Á <™î úã ¥î ú Üî ¹Ò „Íî ÝÒ äâî É•
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\øï µÓ <ˆð Ñ› <”ð ‚ø ð ú ü¨ð] Z Note that normally you wouldn't implement timeouts like this and instead use [`Timeout`].Á Šñ ú ü’ñ" [`call`]: crate::Service::callÁ ü¹ñ( % [`Timeout`]: crate::timeout::TimeoutÁTéñ ñ¢¶ï ˜ ˜ ¸œ ›¿/ ‰ œ± ‰ q•}j5‰ñ¢¶ï Ê — æ †& ç � è é ç è æ é Ê
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$�ò ± “ò 69 <? 7: 25 üòý˜ üÿóC @ Convert the service into a [`Service`] + [`Send`] trait object.Á Çô ú üÏô( % See [`BoxService`] for more details.Á üô ú ü„õH E If `Self` implements the [`Clone`] trait, the [`boxed_clone`] methodÁ üÑõC @ can be used instead, to produce a boxed service which will alsoÁ Ä™ö implement [`Clone`].Á ¶ö ú l¾ö ³� Ðö ú <Øö ‚ø üäöM J use tower::{Service, ServiceExt, BoxError, service_fn, util::BoxService};Á ,¶÷ »š ¬À÷ Éš ´Ú÷ çš ¬õ÷ †› ü�ø# ¥› <·ø Ñ› Ãø ú üËø3 0 let service = service_fn(|req: Request| async {Á üƒù* ' Ok::<_, BoxError>(Response::new())Á <²ù úã ¾ù ú üÆùB ? let service: BoxService<Request, Response, BoxError> = serviceÁ ä�ú ™ž ü®ú) ¿ž |Üú ñž Tðú ‰Ÿ ìÿú œŸ ü¡û* ß |Ðû öŸ Täû ‰Ÿ Œóû .boxed();Á ü‰ü, ø£ üºü* ¥ üéü! ᥠ<�ý ‚ø ›ý ú ü£ý ðý üÇý& # [`boxed_clone`]: Self::boxed_cloneÁ,õý ñ¢ “ “ •/ —¿/ … ‰ j<a6�ºÍ‚á áî Ê Ê “º ,Íþ Ììñ¢ $Õþ ñ¢<Üþ Ìì¯Û
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ê ñ¢ºÍ$ûý üú‰« üºÿO L Convert the service into a [`Service`] + [`Clone`] + [`Send`] trait object.Á Ž€ ú ü–€R O This is similar to the [`boxed`] method, but it requires that `Self` implementÁ üí€C @ [`Clone`], and the returned boxed service implements [`Clone`].Á üµ�- * See [`BoxCloneService`] for more details.Á ç� ú lï� ³� �‚ ú <‰‚ ‚ø ü•‚R O use tower::{Service, ServiceExt, BoxError, service_fn, util::BoxCloneService};Á ,ì‚ »š ¬ö‚ Éš ´�ƒ çš ¬«ƒ †› üŃ# ¥› <íƒ Ñ› ùƒ ú ü�„3 µá
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ë ñ¢ºÍ$‰Š üØ‹[ ¥ í £ î î í Îì‚Å Ý‹ èÄ<è‹ ×Ðü”Œ ‚Å " ü¿‘? ü¸Œ0 - Convert an `Option<Layer>` into a [`Layer`].Á éŒ ú <íŒ ‚ø ôõŒ # use std::time::Duration;Á Ì”� # use tower::Service;Á ü®�) & # use tower::builder::ServiceBuilder;Á üØ�" use tower::util::option_layer;Á üû�' $ # use tower::timeout::TimeoutLayer;Á ü£Žm j # async fn wrap<S>(svc: S) where S: Service<(), Error = &'static str> + 'static + Send, S::Future: Send {Á ü‘�/ , # let timeout = Some(Duration::new(10, 0));Á üÁ�- * // Layer to apply a timeout if configuredÁ üï�E B let maybe_timeout = option_layer(timeout.map(TimeoutLayer::new));Á µ� ú ̹� ServiceBuilder::new()Á ìÓ� .layer(maybe_timeout)Á ´ñ� .service(svc);Á <ˆ‘ Ñ› <�‘ ‚ø ˜‘ ú üœ‘" [`Layer`]: crate::layer::LayerÁdÆ‘ ۼݼ޼© ß¼ à¼ÛἈ cSñŸ«‡zÙÜþ ¶ ¹ º—† »ˆ ¼ ½°† ¾ˆ oà‹!j[ëÜþ˜ÿ � ð ð ÍìÜþ Ó‘
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Üþ$¨EÎ <¶Eüç^« üæO$ ! Map one request type to another.Á �Pú ü—PG D This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`MapRequest`]Á |ãPíð ÷Pú tÿP£Æ ’Qú üšQ# Changing the type of a request:Á ÂQú \ÊQÆÆ ôÚQ use tower::ServiceBuilder;Á ÔýQ use tower::ServiceExt;Á œRú ¤¤Rˆû ü½R) & # async fn main() -> Result<(), ()> {Á üëRE B // Suppose we have some `Service` whose request type is `String`:Á üµSE B let string_svc = tower::service_fn(|request: String| async move {Á üÿS) & println!("request: {}", request);Á tT Ok(())Á <ÀTúã ÌTú üÔTI F // ...but we want to call that service with a `usize`. What do we do?Á ¢Uú üªU) & let usize_svc = ServiceBuilder::new()Á üØUJ G // Add a middleware that converts the request type to a `String`:Á ü§V= : .map_request(|request: usize| format!("{}", request))Á üéV? < // ...and wrap the string service with that middleware:Á ìW .service(string_svc);Á ÏWú ü×W4 1 // Now, we can call that service with a `usize`:Á ü�X! usize_svc.oneshot(42).await?;Á d¶XÎÿ <ÇXÑ› <ÓX‚ø ßXú üçX Modifying the request value:Á ŒYú \”YÆÆ ô¤Yà˜ ÔÇY‡™ æYú ¤îYˆû ü‡Z)Ä™ üµZ4 1 // A service that takes a number and returns it:Á üîZ= : let svc = tower::service_fn(|request: usize| async move {Á ”°[ Ok(request)Á <Ç[úã Ó[ú üÛ[# let svc = ServiceBuilder::new()Á üƒ\8 5 // Add a middleware that adds 1 to each requestÁ üÀ\2 / .map_request(|request: usize| request + 1)Á ´÷\§÷
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ÜþÔÆ$àl± æl " üÊtQ üímV S Apply an asynchronous function after the service, regardless of whether the futureÁ ´Èn succeeds or fails.Á ãnú üënA > This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`Then`]Á |±oíð Åoú üÍoF C This is similar to the [`map_response`] and [`map_err`] functions,Á ü˜pHøð üåpHÊñ ü²qHœò |ÿqíò “rú ü›rB ? See the documentation for the [`then` combinator] for details.Á ârú üêr [`Then`]: crate::util::ThenÁ üŽs6 3 [`then` combinator]: crate::util::ServiceExt::thenÁ üÉs2 / [`map_response`]: ServiceBuilder::map_responseÁ ü€t( % [`map_err`]: ServiceBuilder::map_errÁ »Ü#„³tÄt$Ñt þÔÆ • • «¬ —ß ñ n£3'ÖØ©q'ò'ò ƒû
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