2262 lines
714 KiB
Plaintext
2262 lines
714 KiB
Plaintext
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rust
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& #rustc 1.96.0 (ac68faa20 2026-05-25)ÁÀ뉊 ]!ÜÛê(¹Þ—šên -5be7b69c3ff7b5b8Á íàÄTËŸ ÜJîÄ)'ß\¥! -3d1337db07d0b3aeÁ ¤²XctÔ'ÐÓ©z¨É½Ó -a4945860e1c53b00Á ¤°ð ¾ä-±($²ï=©Ã -7e98a21bfd32b0edÁ–�òÖÀH•‘P IÓHã#£ -055f30b747f859b6Á rustc_std_workspace_coreÁCçß^ò½èÝ$Çÿ+Cé -c4878ee60b2242c9Á ŸÃï+Ñ]ŠqB<ÏïW# -8dd1dd90e70d0b6aÁ miniz_oxideÁ€š»J(P>àö÷g\K -1eb618da2918ab7fÁ adler2ÁÆ;+Þ®5¥ÌýÝ°¦ÛLˆ -f7919172d268e069Á hashbrownÁPäV9ÒÆèÜ�"ÊÖVŽ\ -0fc2184a5da6723aÁ rustc_std_workspace_allocÁs&ØòØy¯s•bæ!‰ýŠ -97e4bf30be240674Á
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std_detectÁhŠBîÙºÌI®Ë�Å�š -9dbbf8346ba7ac8bÁ rustc_demangleÁûë9´Ç×@Œ�’ùXFº -f33013f239bf9f14Á cfg_ifÁÜLh�ž§Œaã¯>� -0a71c8f33a838301Á addr2lineÁ׎Þ!]8V$É@@T· -e618e6be60e87ba2Á gimliÁ¸
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°µ~Î1‹Ñt ðÁ€w -1f7768a68858f670Á objectÁ
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áPÃ?À¶¼QHJ¥� -914cd6a4dbe590d1Á memchrÁ›º«8Ór2Ù $¨ûib‚ -cf21ca6f2bb15dcdÁ ë
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‹ás «LÖ€îâƒ×ɯŒ -ee6f3747e38367f0Á tokioÁ,¿¢¨˜É0!ñ?-…”¼9 -3beca82a6f76b5d4Á pin_project_liteÁ·x¼+Ä`·á¨›�t—¸Íœ -2dc344ecc91b59efÁ mioÁGù�j0ðÔ·â"FÆ#0Q -3545320490828222Á –æ\‹±Ôcd�-»ùÀTƒ -f86f80b348d33b13Á bytesÁ�`²['3_ ²µÆ=üå¥ -d4f44708ed5da7b6Á socket2ÁsT›¸n>~R�Ê1G/R -c161f09f0083d1e0Á
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tower_serviceÁ:`¡{¶aÛ¬í"aô -3b2010b03e380b78Á tower_layerÁX*�ø6êWHNᕈf§ • -ee72e88a461fccddÁ futures_coreÁÆöc$Ž³–º¾v¸dK -ac1e9cdb826f83c0Á futures_utilÁNdpµÙærC˜ÊÉíNá -c6fee091c887f5ffÁ futures_taskÁÀð‘ô Rî-Ø¡±ê¹ -b68ad6d97da04350Á futures_sinkÁL 1Tš½‰¤
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futures_ioÁTo«�Š§ JíZu\Ȩ -94612345b0215f77Á 솰<šÒ"®9eæ·3š¶Ø -809318e8f6183885Á sync_wrapperÁTÃ@Oø~:åÍžêƒE¦« -fb4745e3f4df95dbÁ balanceÁ<»9 »Û
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œ¸B »”¤ÍB »Â„ãB ü·B= À macrosÁ
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opaque_futureÁ retryÁ backoffÁ MakeBackoffÁ BackoffÁ make_backoffÁ Ö FutureÁ next_backoffÁ £ æ £ Ö ä £ baseÁ jitterÁ £ þ ‹ #> %× budgetÁ (
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tps_budgetÁ ) ))))))))) ) TpsBudgetÁ 4
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generationÁ 4 reserveÁ 4 slotsÁ 4 windowÁ 4 writerÁ 4 deposit_amountÁ 4 withdraw_amountÁ ) <æ < expireÁ < sumÁ ? < putÁ < try_getÁ )C depositÁ C withdrawÁ )F> )H× ( ( BudgetÁ K¦ K´ futureÁ N NNNNNNNNN N
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N Z¡ Z¤ Z RequestÁ Zæ N_¡ _¤ _Â _° _Š layerÁ e ee h¡ hæ ek¡ k¤ k ServiceÁ kþ policyÁ p p PolicyÁ r ReqÁ r ResÁ r– rþ rŽ r
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clone_requestÁ �¡ �¤ �æ � get_refÁ � get_mutÁ �
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into_innerÁ ˆ¡ ˆ¤ ˆÂ ˆ ResponseÁ ˆ ErrorÁ ˆþ ˆ
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poll_readyÁ ˆÑ timeoutÁ ‘ errorÁ ’ ’’’ –æ ’˜× ’‘÷ › ››››››››› ¥¥ ¥æ ›¨— ¨¥ ¨– ¨° ¨Š ‘þ ® ®®® ²æ ®´¤ ´¶ ´þ ‘ ‘‘‘‘‘‘‘ ¿¥ ¿æ ¿ã ¿ò ¿� ‘Ť Å ů Å¿ Åþ ÅÔ ÅÑ utilÁ Ͷ Î ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ Î
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Î Î Û¤ Û— Û× Îß F1Á ß F2Á ߟ ßæ Îäí ä÷ äŸ ä× Îéí é÷ éŸ é° éŠ Îï¤ ï— ïæ ïþ Îô¤ ô— ô ô FutÁ ô¯ ô¿ ôþ ôÔ ôÑ Îþ— þæ Î�¤ �— �¶ �þ Í boxedÁ †þ ‡ ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ BoxLayerÁ � InÁ �¥ �¦ �– �’" ‡ –ß" –¥ –¦ –– –æ ›� › ‡žß" ž¥ ž¦ ž– ž¶ žþ ‡¥ß" ¥¥ ¥¦ ¥– ¥ƒ ‡«ß" «¥ «¦ «– «× † layer_cloneÁ ± ±±±±±±±± BoxCloneServiceLayerÁ ºß" º¥ º¦ º– º’" ± Àß" À¥ À¦ À– Àæ Å� Å ±Èß" È¥ Ȧ È– ȶ Èþ ±Ïß" Ï¥ Ϧ Ï– σ ±Õß" Õ¥ Õ¦ Õ– Õ× † layer_clone_syncÁ Û ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ BoxCloneSyncServiceLayerÁ äß" ä¥ ä¦ ä– ä’" Û êß" ê¥ ê¦ ê– êæ ï� ï Ûòß" ò¥ ò¦ ò– ò¶ òþ Ûùß" ù¥ ù¦ ù– ùƒ Ûÿß" ÿ¥ ÿ¦ ÿ– ÿ× †ç … ……………………… …
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BoxServiceÁ “¥ “¦ “– “ innerÁ … BoxFutureÁ ˜¥ ˜– … ›¥ ›¦ ›– ›æ Ÿ¤ Ÿ ›þ ¢¤ …¤¥ ¤¦ ¤– ¤¯ ¤¿ ¤þ ¤Ô ¤Ñ …¥ ¦ – × † unsyncÁ ² ²²²²²²²²² ²
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² UnsyncBoxServiceÁ ¾¥ ¾¦ ¾– ¾Þ* ² UnsyncBoxFutureÁ Ã¥ Ö ² Æ¥ Ʀ Æ– Ææ ʤ Æþ ̤ ²Î¥ Φ Ζ ί ο Îþ ÎÔ ÎÑ ²×¥ צ ×– ×× ²Ü¤ Ü ܯ Ü¿ Üþ ÜÔ ÜÑ † †††††Í boxed_cloneÁ ê êêêêêêêêê ê
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ê BoxCloneServiceÁ ö
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ö¥ ö¦ ö– öˆ ê ü¥ ü¦ ü– üæ €¤ € üþ ƒ¤ ê…¥ …¦ …– …¯ …¿ …þ …Ô …Ñ êŽ¥ Ž¦ Ž– Žƒ ê CloneServiceÁ “£ “ clone_boxÁ ê–£ –¥ –¬2 ꚥ š¦ š– š× Í boxed_clone_syncÁ Ÿ ŸŸŸŸŸŸŸŸŸ Ÿ
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Ÿ BoxCloneSyncServiceÁ «
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Õ á SvcÁ ᤠᢠá× Õ DriveÁ æ— æ is_emptyÁ æ pushÁ æŠ Õëè6 ë¤ ë¢ ëæ ë� ë take_serviceÁ ë unorderedÁ Õóè6 ó¤ ó¢ ó› ó poll_nextÁ Ô orderedÁ ù ùùùùùùùùù ù
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– ¢è6 ¢¤ ¢æ ¢� ¢ñ7 –¨è6 ¨¤ ¨› ¨»8 –— 7 °7 Š Ô ÔÔÍ eitherÁ µ µµµµµµµµµ ¿’ ¿“ ¿Â ¿¯ ¿¿ ¿þ ¿Ô ¿Ñ µÈ’ È“ È° ÈŠ µÍ¤ Í’ Í“ Ͷ Íþ Í future_serviceÁ Ó ÓÓÓÓÓÓÓÓ¨= Ü— ܤ Ü£ Ü– Ó á— á¤ áæ Óå— å¤ å× Óé— é¤ é× Óí— í¤ í£ í– í¯ í¿ íþ íÔ íÑ ÍÙ ÷ ÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ �¤ �— �× ÷…¤ …— …æ …þ ÷Š¤ Š— ŠÂ Š¿ Š¯ Š¿Šþ ŠÔ ŠÑ ÷”— ”æ ÷—¤ —— —¶ —þ Í map_requestÁ œ œœœœœœ £¤ £— £× œ§¤ §— §æ §þ œ¬¤ ¬— ¬ R1Á ¬ R2Á ¬¯ ¬¿ ¬þ ¬Ô ¬Ñ œ¶— ¶æ œ¹¤ ¹— ¹¶ ¹þ Í map_responseÁ ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ Ȥ È— È× ¾Ì¤ Ì— Ìæ Ìþ ¾Ñ¤ Ñ— Ñ ѯ ѯѿ Ñþ ÑÔ ÑÑ ¾Û— Ûæ ¾Þ¤ Þ— Þ¶ Þþ Í
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ü ‡D üÌ2 / `async fn(Request) -> Result<Response, Error>`Á ÿ ú tƒ # OverviewÁ ’ ú ü–F C Tower is a library of modular and reusable components for buildingÁ üÝ* ' robust networking clients and servers.Á ˆ ú üŒJ G Tower provides a simple core abstraction, the [`Service`] trait, whichÁ ü×O L represents an asynchronous function taking a request and returning either aÁ ü§P M response or an error. This abstraction can be used to model both clients andÁ dø servers.Á … ú ü‰P M Generic components, like [`timeout`], [rate limiting], and [load balancing],Á üÚI F can be modeled as [`Service`]s that wrap some inner service and applyÁ ü¤P M additional behavior before or after the inner service is called. This allowsÁ üõT Q implementing these components in a protocol-agnostic, composable way. Typically,Á üÊ2 / such services are referred to as _middleware_.Á ý ú ü� F C An additional abstraction, the [`Layer`] trait, is used to composeÁ üÈ J G middleware with [`Service`]s. If a [`Service`] can be thought of as anÁ ü“
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P M a function taking a [`Service`] of one type and returning a [`Service`] of aÁ üµ N K different type. The [`ServiceBuilder`] type is used to add middleware to aÁ ü„ 5 2 service by composing it with multiple [`Layer`]s.Á º ú Ô¾ ## The Tower EcosystemÁ Ù ú üÝ - * Tower is made up of the following crates:Á ‹
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O L Since the [`Service`] and [`Layer`] traits are important integration pointsÁ üÃK H for all libraries using Tower, they are kept as stable as possible, andÁ ü�M J breaking changes are made rarely. Therefore, they are defined in separateÁ üÝF C crates, [`tower-service`] and [`tower-layer`]. This crate containsÁ ü¤E B re-exports of those core traits, implementations of commonly-usedÁ üêM J middleware, and [utilities] for working with [`Service`]s and [`Layer`]s.Á ü¸O L Finally, the [`tower-test`] crate provides tools for testing programs usingÁ Tˆ Tower.Á “ ú \— # UsageÁ £ ú ü§O L Tower provides an abstraction layer, and generic implementations of variousÁ ü÷O L middleware. This means that the `tower` crate on its own does *not* provideÁ üÇL I a working implementation of a network client or server. Instead, Tower'sÁ ü”F C [`Service` trait][`Service`] provides an integration point betweenÁ üÛI F application code, libraries providing middleware implementations, andÁ ü¥G D libraries that implement servers and/or clients for various networkÁ tí protocols.Á ü ú ü€O L Depending on your particular use case, you might use Tower in several ways:Á Ð ú üÔK H * **Implementing application logic** for a networked program. You mightÁ ü M J use the [`Service`] trait to model your application's behavior, and useÁ üîN K the middleware [provided by this crate](#modules) and by other librariesÁ ü½I F to add functionality to clients and servers provided by one or moreÁ ü‡ protocol implementations.Á ü§O L * **Implementing middleware** to add custom behavior to network clients andÁ ü÷L I servers in a reusable manner. This might be general-purpose middlewareÁ üÄO L (and if it is, please consider releasing your middleware as a library forÁ ü”K H other Tower users!) or application-specific behavior that needs to beÁ üà1 . shared between multiple clients or servers.Á ü’ K H * **Implementing a network protocol**. Libraries that implement networkÁ üÞ G D protocols (such as HTTP) can depend on `tower-service` to use theÁ ü¦ M J [`Service`] trait as an integration point between the protocol and userÁ üô P M code. For example, a client for some protocol might implement [`Service`],Á üÅ H E allowing users to add arbitrary Tower middleware to those clients.Á üŽ L I Similarly, a server might be created from a user-provided [`Service`].Á Û ú üß J G Additionally, when a network protocol requires functionality alreadyÁ üª P M provided by existing Tower middleware, a protocol implementation might useÁ üû F C Tower middleware internally, as well as as an integration point.Á Â! ú ´Æ! ## Library SupportÁ Ý! ú üá!N K A number of third-party libraries support Tower and the [`Service`] trait.Á ü°": 7 The following is an incomplete list of such libraries:Á ë" ú üï"B ? * [`hyper`]: A fast and correct low-level HTTP implementation.Á ü²#J G * [`tonic`]: A [gRPC-over-HTTP/2][grpc] implementation built on top ofÁ üý#P M [`hyper`]. See [here][tonic-examples] for examples of using [`tonic`] withÁ dÎ$ Tower.Á üÛ$< 9 * [`warp`]: A lightweight, composable web framework. SeeÁ ü˜%D A [here][warp-service] for details on using [`warp`] with Tower.Á üÝ%5 2 * [`tower-lsp`]: implementations of the [LanguageÁ ü“&+ ( Serv
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{õ‚\ñ |k<Ž Ì� ~·$— œØ ¶<± €|0 ü N K This module contains generic [backoff] utilities to be used with the retryÁ TO layer.Á Zú ü^M J The [`Backoff`] trait is a generic way to represent backoffs that can useÁ œ¬ any timer type.Á Àú üÄ? < [`ExponentialBackoffMaker`] implements the maker type for Á ü„N K [`ExponentialBackoff`] which implements the [`Backoff`] trait and providesÁ üÓA > a batteries included exponential backoff and jitter strategy.Á •ú ü™@ = [backoff]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_backoffÁ <8 Å
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Œßwœöjœ�[\¨M„º?A02¬› üß; 8 Trait used to construct [`Backoff`] trait implementors.Á \¥ Îì ü›¾ †ž †ž Í쎞 ´è ž <ö ºž Ñž ¬è ü·, ) The backoff type produced by this maker.Á<í ü«, ü„" Constructs a new backoff type.Ád® › ›ŽžÂž »
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Žž$ÀŒµ üÛH E A backoff trait where a single mutable reference represents a singleÁ ü¤J G backoff session. Implementors must also implement [`Clone`] which willÁ üïE B reset the backoff back to the default state for the next session.Á <¿ †žüµ� †ž †ž Í쎞 ü¯ ! ‚Ø…£ œ¼ …£ƒØ \à ý¢- •£! ¦£ ü¯ üÍK H The future associated with each backoff. This usually will be some sortÁ l�
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& $ã.± é.üÚ/) Ù¼ tA ü M J A retry "budget" for allowing only a certain amount of retries over time.Á N ú üR& # # Why budgets and not max retries?Á y ú ü}F C The most common way of configuring retries is to specify a maximumÁ üÄ[ X number of retry attempts to perform before giving up. This is a familiar idea to anyoneÁ ü c ` who’s used a web browser: you try to load a webpage, and if it doesn’t load, you try again.Á ü„J G If it still doesn’t load, you try a third time. Finally you give up.Á Ï ú üÓU R Unfortunately, there are at least two problems with configuring retries this way:Á © ú üI F **Choosing the maximum number of retry attempts is a guessing game.**Á ü÷i f You need to pick a number that’s high enough to make a difference when things are somewhat failing,Á üág d but not so high that it generates extra load on the system when it’s really failing. In practice,Á üÉa ^ you usually pick a maximum retry attempts number out of a hat (e.g. 3) and hope for the best.Á « ú ü¯C @ **Systems configured this way are vulnerable to retry storms.**Á üóa ^ A retry storm begins when one service starts to experience a larger than normal failure rate.Á üÕf c This causes its clients to retry those failed requests. The extra load from the retries causes theÁ ü¼ c ` service to slow down further and fail more requests, triggering more retries. If each client isÁ ü
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d a configured to retry up to 3 times, this can quadruple the number of requests being sent! To makeÁ ü… k h matters even worse, if any of the clients’ clients are configured with retries, the number of retriesÁ üñ t q compounds multiplicatively and can turn a small number of errors into a self-inflicted denial of service attack.Á æ ú üê k h It's generally dangerous to implement retries without some limiting factor. [`Budget`]s are that limit.Á Ö
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ú tÚ
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# ExamplesÁ é
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ú \í
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```rustÁ üù
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! use std::{future, sync::Arc};Á › ú üŸ< 9 use tower::retry::{budget::{Budget, TpsBudget}, Policy};Á Ü ú ´à type Req = String;Á ´÷ type Res = String;Á Ž ú Ü’ #[derive(Clone, Debug)]Á Ä® struct RetryPolicy {Á üÇ budget: Arc<TpsBudget>,Á ,ç }Á í ú üñ1 . impl<E> Policy<Req, Res, E> for RetryPolicy {Á ü£( % type Future = future::Ready<()>;Á Ì ú üÐa ^ fn retry(&mut self, req: &mut Req, result: &mut Result<Res, E>) -> Option<Self::Future> {Á Ô² match result {Á ÔÍ Ok(_) => {Á üè8 5 // Treat all `Response`s as success,Á ü¡; 8 // so deposit budget and don't retry...Á üÝ* ' self.budget.deposit();Á Ĉ NoneÁ Œ¡ }Á ܳ Err(_) => {Á üÏ6 3 // Treat all errors as failures...Á ü†G D // Withdraw the budget, don't retry if we overdrew.Á üÎ: 7 let withdrew = self.budget.withdraw();Á ü‰" if !withdrew {Á ü¬$ ! return None;Á ¬Ñ }Á ç ú üë! // Try again!Á ü�+ ( Some(future::ready(()))Á Œ¹ ØÈ lË
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}Á LÙ }Á ã ú üç? < fn clone_request(&mut self, req: &Req) -> Option<Req> {Á ì§ Some(req.clone())Á LÅ òÌ ,Ï ¸Ä <Õ Ÿó 4I )KäL‡ 4 J”Þ ü 8 5 Transactions Per Minute (Tps) Budget implementationsÁ Tæ 4ã
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× I ¤, ) + AtomicIsizeÁ\k Ýà ) .®Dx ¼À ) /¤,‹ µ> ) 0�‹D£ Ö ) 1 InstantÁ<Á óV ) 2Ü4Ö K ) 3 >—™Ä>ü>*…‡vxgit�[¤´FlÏ9¤û üß? < A Transactions Per Minute config for managing retry tokens.Á Ÿú ü£Q N [`TpsBudget`] uses a token bucket to decide if the request should be retried.Á õú üù` ] [`TpsBudget`] works by checking how much retries have been made in a certain period of time.Á üÚ] Z Minimum allowed number of retries are effectively reset on an interval. Allowed number ofÁ ü¸A > retries depends on failed request count in recent time frame.Á úú üþP M For more info about [`Budget`], please see the [module-level documentation].Á Ïú üÓ' $ [module-level documentation]: superÁ L† å½ BêRL_œÓ 56789:;ì–T–) 4 4 µ>µ> ¤ ·>Þ*£> ¸> poisonÁ£> ¹> dataÁ£> Ë»™z™g—§½tê<ê) 4 4 Ì©,©) 4 4 �� žæö ¡ˆˆ ¢‰ˆ l }.xÏ
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¤]¤] V ¦]Á‚] üß3ø¤”& �ø„ý4ý) 4 4 ‘Œœí4í) 4 4 Éجº tº ) 4 4 ´Ž
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) 4 4 tù å½=>?AB üçG üŽ I F Create a [`TpsBudget`] that allows for a certain percent of the totalÁ ÜÜ requests to be retried.Á ü ú ü„
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H E - The `ttl` is the duration of how long a single `deposit` should beÁ üÑ
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3 0 considered. Must be between 1 and 60 seconds.Á ü‰M J - The `min_per_sec` is the minimum rate of retries allowed to accommodateÁ üÛI F clients that have just started issuing requests, or clients that doÁ ü©) & not issue many requests per window.Á ü×J G - The `retry_percent` is the percentage of calls to `deposit` that canÁ ü¦D A be retried. This is in addition to any retries allowed for viaÁ üï0 - `min_per_sec`. Must be between 0 and 1000.Á ¤ú ü¬L I As an example, if `0.1` is used, then for every 10 calls to `deposit`,Á üýE B 1 retry will be allowed. If `2.0` is used, then every `deposit`Á ÜÇ allows for 2 retries.Á î ‘Œå½ < <
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= ttlÁ ò min_per_secÁ\�
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retry_percentÁl“„¯ 4² ) ¤ ¤å½ < ¹ <
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> $º ´“& –& ) ¥ ¥å½ < š& <
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? $›&4Å' ? <closure_kind>Á @ <closure_signature>Á @ <upvars>Á @ @ ? @ ÉØ ÌÔ) ×) ) ¦ ¦å½ < Û) <
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A $Ü) amtÁ â)üÈ*%<Ë* ) § §å½ < Ó* <
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B $Ô*ˆä Ú*Ìâ, å½DE L M D E Œ‚-<…- ¨ ¨å½ C �- C
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D $Ž-ÔÇ-DÊ- © ©å½ C Ó- C
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E $Ô-Ô˜. å½G ´ G ¤¹.<¼. å½ F F
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„� ü“P ¹Ô ä ú üè& # [module-level documentation]: selfÁ 4™ K K †žü�Å K †ž †ž LMLM M L ”ˆ ü¦H E Store a "deposit" in the budget, which will be used to permit futureÁ „ó
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withdrawals.Á<‹ Žž K “ K
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LŽž$” Ü· ü H E Check whether there is enough "balance" in the budget to issue a newÁ Tí retry.Á ü ú ü„. + If there is not enough, false is returned.ÁDº ® ®Žž K à K
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Future typesÁ 4Y è
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^«¿±¿·¿Óc<ˆ Ž,ª ÷4Æ üƒ Š ¡ ` ¤ a  b b a ` èð ˆ ùð ‹ Šñ<Ž ›ñüÍ & Ëñ„ü è¾cd ƒØ „Ø d :< ?A DF \” 4™ _ _ Ö¿Ù¿ Ú¿« Û¿ˆ Ü¿ Ý¿Þ¿ˆ ‚†f|Â
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©ñ·ñüÆ I $É ¯ ° ±„¾„¾ ô †¾‰ ˜X $ ]È=„kt• ¯è¾ °Ì�Ì� k Î� wakerÁ¸� Ï� local_wakerÁ¸� Ð� extÁ¸� Ñ� _markerÁ¸� Ò� _marker2Á¸� f'EwÚ]¾å ±œØžØ ŸØÈ Øˆ ¡Ø¢Ø´ ‰‰Nµý¤Ãè¾ ƒØ _ Ø _
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d«¿±¿·¿$Î ¡’ä La ,eÕ Ök, Þ e fÿ½,# Ú e gd%”¬• ¡ i i è𠚨Âj
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üë# ü±5 2 Creates a new [`RetryLayer`] from a retry policy.Á ø «¿¨Â h h
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j«¿Ëyü¸9 ¡ l ¤ m m l èð ½ ùð À Ø«¿ ,ë¨Âno Ü Ý o /1 46 dø<ý k k úÂü™,,œ ² ²¨Â ±¿¨Â±¿ Ü k ¢ k
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o«¿±¿$£ë]<©Tl 4prþ4 ‚Ø p qœìæ ü@ = A "retry policy" to classify if a request should be retried.Á [ú l_
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# ExampleÁ mú <qŸó ìy use tower::retry::Policy;Á ¤— use std::future;Á ¬ú ´°€Ã ´ÇŸÃ Þú Üâ struct Attempts(usize);Á þú ü‚. + impl<E> Policy<Req, Res, E> for Attempts {Á ü±(ŽÅ Úú üÞaÌÅ ÔÀ¶Æ ÔÛÙÆ üö8ýÆ ü¯( % // so don't retry...Á ÄØ·È ”ñ },Á Ü„òÈ ü 6—É ü×= : // But we limit the number of attempts...Á ü•# if self.0 > 0 {Á ü¹% " // Try again!Á üß$ ! self.0 -= 1;Á ü„/ , Some(future::ready(()))Á ä´ } else {Á üÑ= : // Used all our attempts, no retry...Á ä� NoneÁ ¬¬ÅË ŒÂØÈ lÔÜÌ LâòÌ ìú üð?‘Í ì° ÙÍ LÎ òÌ ,Ø ¸Ä <Þ Ÿó 4ð r é s ó t – u t r s u †žüæ Ò Íì¥ì ÷ Íìó ü Íì¸Ì �
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r †žN †žTvwxvwx Í쎞¥ì—†¸Ì v üÅ
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üŠ
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6 3 The [`Future`] type returned by [`Policy::retry`].Á4Ê
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r r üÀX üì
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< 9 Check the policy if a certain request should be retried.Á ú üµ I F This method is passed a reference to the original request, and eitherÁ üƒ K H the [`Service::Response`] or [`Service::Error`] from the inner service.Á Ó ú üÛ < 9 If the request should **not** be retried, return `None`.Á œ
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ú ü¤
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L I If the request *should* be retried, return `Some` future that will delayÁ üõ
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J G the next retry of the request. This can be used to sleep for a certainÁ üÄL I duration, to wait for some external condition to be met before retrying,Á ü•H E or resolve right away, if the request should be retried immediately.Á âú Äê ## Mutating RequestsÁ ‡ú ü�L I The policy MAY chose to mutate the `req`: if the request is mutated, theÁ üàH E mutated request will be sent to the inner service in the next retry.Á üH E This can be helpful for use cases like tracking the retry count in aÁ \ú header.Á Šú ¼’ ## Mutating ResultsÁ ®ú ü¶E B The policy MAY chose to mutate the result. This enables the retryÁ ü€K H policy to convert a failure into a success and vice versa. For example,Á üÐG D if the policy is used to poll while waiting for a state change, theÁ üœJ G policy can switch the result to emit a specific error when retries areÁ të exhausted.Á þú ü†A > The policy can also record metadata on the request to includeÁ üÌH E information about the number of retries required or to record that aÁ ü™0 - failure failed after exhausting all retries.Á Îú üÖ3 0 [`Service::Response`]: crate::Service::ResponseÁ üŽ- * [`Service::Error`]: crate::Service::ErrorÁ,à ³ ´ µ ³Žž ´¥ì µÖ¿Ù¿ Ú¿« Û¿ˆ Ü¿ Ý¿Þ¿ˆ ‚†f|Â
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wŽž¥ì—†¸Ì$Îò› Ô� 4ãü€6 üžF C Tries to clone a request before being passed to the inner service.Á éú üñI F If the request cannot be cloned, return [`None`]. Moreover, the retryÁ ü¿< 9 function will not be called if the [`None`] is returned.Álƒ ¶ · ¶Žž ·¥ì ™¦ r ‘ r
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xŽž¥ì—†¸Ì$–ò› œ¼�ŠB¤¢€Bä½wBìßjBL‚_BbBQBTB´¢GB´æ ¡ ‚ ¤ ƒ ƒ ‚ èð ë ùð î ú„…†‡ !# üÁ
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9 6 Retry the inner service depending on this [`Policy`].Á Î
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†«¿±¿$ÕäÀ üŒ/ , Consume `self`, returning the inner serviceÁTÇ ú±¿ � �
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‘ •r< È ® ¯�‹D# Ö ® °ÿ½,> Ú ® ±t ?œ /”1 ŒÔ ûƳ ü•+ üì$ ! Create a timeout from a durationÁ ¢ ‘ŒûÆ ² ²
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dÎ> ü K H Various utility types and functions that are generally used with Tower.Á »û „»> ĵ> $Ö> ΆêŸÔµÓ÷œ¾ã‰µÒ€¹ÐùÀ Â Ê ï ær<û Ò “ ºvd„ Œ
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ø¿ÇóÁ$äÞ*,ê\Î ü * ' [PRNG] utilities for tower middleware.Á +ú ü/I F This module provides a generic [`Rng`] trait and a [`HasherRng`] thatÁ üyJ G implements the trait based on [`RandomState`] or any other [`Hasher`].Á Äú üÈP M These utilities replace tower's internal usage of `rand` with these smaller,Á ü™L I more lightweight methods. Most of the implementations are extracted fromÁ üæ/ , their corresponding `rand` implementations.Á –ú üšG D [PRNG]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generatorÁ Ö € ‹“»\‰ ÖJ ù û\\¡ Åe ù ý‘4® ¢e ù þ¹,À �£ ù ÿ çüò"Züç7MO<>T»/lÒ üË: 7 A simple [PRNG] trait for use within tower middleware.Á †ú üŠG´� Ü € € †žüÒ® € †ž †ž � ‚ ƒ � ‚ ƒ ƒ � ‚ ô‰ ôæ Generate a random [`u64`].ÁDŒ ˜ ˜Žž € • €
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S P Yields a mutable reference to the service when it is ready to accept a request.Á,Æ � �Žž ¡ ¡ ¢È ¦ˆ € ›Mëó´“* �ŽžÙÈ Ê Ì Ê Í쎞 ,‹
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Ì ŽžÙÈ$Ñ üýT ü¼< 9 Yields the service when it is ready to accept a request.Ál€ Žž Œ Œ ÐN �Þ* € �üN € 4# WR.ŽžÙÈ Ê Ê ®µ ,Ë
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Í ŽžÙÈ$Ž üÚW üƒR O Consume this `Service`, calling it with the provided request once it is ready.Á<Ý ŽžÙÈ § § à˜ ªº µ 2 ! 19¾ŽžÙÈ Ê Ê ®µ ,«
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Î ŽžÙÈ$å ò› ë ü±� üã` ] Process all requests from the given [`Stream`], and produce a [`Stream`] of their responses.Á È ú üÐV S This is essentially [`Stream<Item = Request>`][stream] + `Self` => [`Stream<Item =Á ü«B ? Response>`][stream]. See the documentation for [`CallAll`] forÁ dò details.Á ƒ ú ü‹O ½ñ üßM J [stream]: https://docs.rs/futures/latest/futures/stream/trait.Stream.htmlÁD´ ŽžŽÀ Ü
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Ï ŽžÙÈŽÀ$À reqsÁ$Æ RT üÜ'_ üåI F Executes a new future after this service's future resolves. This doesÁ ü³9 6 not alter the behaviour of the [`poll_ready`] method.Á ñ ú üùJ G This method can be used to change the [`Response`] type of the serviceÁ üÈX U into a different type. You can use this method to chain along a computation once theÁ ü¥) & service's response has been resolved.Á Ó ú üÛ* ' [`Response`]: crate::Service::ResponseÁ üŠ. + [`poll_ready`]: crate::Service::poll_readyÁ ½ ú lÅ Ðü <× Ÿó üã% " # use std::task::{Poll, Context};Á ü� ' $ # use tower::{Service, ServiceExt};Á ,¹ ו ìà # struct DatabaseService;Á äå # impl DatabaseService {Á ü† ' $ # fn new(address: &str) -> Self {Á ܲ # DatabaseServiceÁ LÒ # }Á <à í– ,ì ו ¬ö # struct Record {Á Ì� # pub name: String,Á ¤® # pub age: u16Á <Ç í– ,Ó ×• üÝ - * # impl Service<u32> for DatabaseService {Á ü� # type Response = Record;Á ij # type Error = u8;Á üÐ = : # type Future = std::future::Ready<Result<Record, u8>>;Á ,’ ו üœ Y V # fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {Á üú # Poll::Ready(Ok(()))Á Lž! ðà ,¬! ו ü¶!: 7 # fn call(&mut self, request: u32) -> Self::Future {Á üõ!K H # std::future::ready(Ok(Record { name: "Jack".into(), age: 32 }))Á LÅ" ðà <Ó" í– ,ß" ו üé"P M # async fn avatar_lookup(name: String) -> Result<Vec<u8>, u8> { Ok(vec![]) }Á ,¾# ו ŒÈ# Ù¬ „Þ#
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# async {Á üó#, ) // A service returning Result<Record, _>Á ü¤$9 6 let service = DatabaseService::new("127.0.0.1:8080");Á â$ ú üê$+ ( // Map the response into a new responseÁ üš%H E let mut new_service = service.and_then(|record: Record| async move {Á üç% let name = record.name;Á ü‹&! avatar_lookup(name).awaitÁ <±& –ß ½& ú ÜÅ& // Call the new serviceÁ „å&
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let id = 13;Á üú&5 2 let avatar = new_service.call(id).await.unwrap();Á \´' # };Á <Ä' í– <Ð' ŸóDß' ŽžÓê Ò Ò ær Õ Þ* Î Ö ± Î
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Ö ŽžÙÈÓêýÕ$ËH ± ÑH wy |~ üé†ß üèIK H Maps this service's result type (`Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>`)Á ü¸JF C to a different value, regardless of whether the future succeeds orÁ TƒK fails.Á ’K ú üšKH E This is similar to the [`map_response`] and [`map_err`] combinators,Á üçKH E except that the *same* function is invoked when the service's futureÁ ü´LH E completes, whether it completes successfully or fails. This functionÁ ü�MH E takes the [`Result`] returned by the service's future, and returns aÁ |ÎM [`Result`].Á âM ú üêMH E Like the standard library's [`Result::and_then`], this method can beÁ ü·NL I used to implement control flow based on `Result` values. For example, itÁ üˆOD A may be used to implement error recovery, by turning some [`Err`]Á üÑOE B responses from the service into [`Ok`] responses. Similarly, someÁ ü›PL I successful responses from the service could be rejected, by returning anÁ üìPM J [`Err`] conditionally, depending on the value inside the [`Ok`]. Finally,Á ü¾QL I this method can also be used to implement behaviors that must run when aÁ ü�RM J service's future completes, regardless of whether it succeeded or failed.Á áR ú üéRJ ݾ ü¸SK H into a different type. It can also be used to change the [`Error`] typeÁ üˆTO L of the service. However, because the [`map_result`] function is not appliedÁ üÜTJ G to the errors returned by the service's [`poll_ready`] method, it mustÁ ü«UK H be possible to convert the service's [`Error`] type into the error typeÁ üûUN K returned by the [`map_result`] function. This is trivial when the functionÁ üÎVJ G returns the same error type as the service, but in other cases, it canÁ ü�WA > be useful to use [`BoxError`] to erase differing error types.Á ãW ú tëW ÀÁ þW ú ü†X# Recovering from certain errors:Á ®X ú <¶X Ÿó üÂX% äÁ üìX' “ ,˜Y ו ì¢Y РäÄY ö üåY' œÃ Ü‘Z Ìà L±Z ðà <¿Z í– ,ËZ ו ¬ÕZ œÄ ÌïZ ºÄ ¤�[ ÜÄ <¦[ í– ´²[ # #[derive(Debug)]Á ¤Í[ # enum DbError {Á üæ[' $ # Parse(std::num::ParseIntError),Á ¼’\ # NoRecordsFound,Á <®\ í– ,º\ ו üÄ\- ”Å üö\$ ! # type Response = Vec<Record>;Á ìŸ] # type Error = DbError;Á üÁ]G D # type Future = std::future::Ready<Result<Vec<Record>, DbError>>;Á ,�^ ו ü—^Y éÆ üõ^ ÌÇ L™_ ðà ,§_ ו ü±_: �È üð_Q N # std::future::ready(Ok(vec![Record { name: "Jack".into(), age: 32 }]))Á LÆ` ðà <Ô` í– ,à` ו Œê` Ù¬ „€a ÂÊ ü•a7 4 // A service returning Result<Vec<Record>, DbError>Á üÑa9 ’Ë �b ú ü—bU R // If the database returns no records for the query, we just want an empty `Vec`.Á üñbD A let mut new_service = service.map_result(|result| match result {Á üºcT Q // If the error indicates that no records matched the query, return an emptyÁ Ì“d // `Vec` instead.Á ü±d7 4 Err(DbError::NoRecordsFound) => Ok(Vec::new()),Á üídC @ // Propagate all other responses (`Ok` and `Err`) unchangedÁ |µe x => x,Á <Ée –ß Õe ú ÜÝe ÔÍ „ýe øÍ Ô’f ÂØ „±f ù |Æf ¹ù ŒÚf ÿØ „ðf ÷ù Ü…g # Ok::<(), DbError>(())Á \¥g ÐÎ <µg í– <Ág Ÿó Íg ú üÕg" Rejecting some `Ok` responses:Á üg ú <„h Ÿó ü�h% äÁ üºh' “ ,æh ו ìðh Рä’i ö ü³i' œÃ Üßi Ìà Lÿi ðà <�j í– ,™j ו ¬£j œÄ ̽j ºÄ ¤Ûj ÜÄ <ôj í– ä€k # type DbError = String;Á ì¡k # type AppError = String;Á ,Ãk ו üÍk- ”Å üÿk ËÅ ì£l ºü üÅlB ? # type Future = std::future::Ready<Result<Record, DbError>>;Á ,Œm ו ü–mY éÆ üôm ÌÇ L˜
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üš€9 ’Ë Ø€ ú üà€2 / // Print a message whenever a query completes.Á ü—�7 Æ‹
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Ù ŽžÙÈÓêÙúêŽ$‹‡ ± ‘‡ êì îð òô üŸ•ˆ üúˆ2 / Composes a function *in front of* the service.Á ±‰ ú ü¹‰J G This adapter produces a new service that passes each value through theÁ üˆŠ3 0 given function `f` before sending it to `self`.Á ÀŠ ú lÈŠ Ðü <ÚŠ Ÿó üæŠ ƒ“
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,ÖŽ ו üàŽY éÆ ü¾� ÌÇ Lâ� ðà ,ð� ו üú�= : # fn call(&mut self, request: String) -> Self::Future {Á ü¼�1 ’ã Lò� ðà <€‘ í– ,Œ‘ ו Œ–‘ Ù¬ |¬‘ €ä üÀ‘- * // A service taking a String as a requestÁ üò‘9 ’Ë °’ ú ü¸’' $ // Map the request to a new requestÁ üä’H E let mut new_service = service.map_request(|id: u32| id.to_string());Á ±“ ú ܹ“ ÔÍ „Ù“ øÍ ôî“ Ò˜
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$½• ± Õ wy pr ü¯ßü ü²¿; 8 Composes an asynchronous function *after* this service.Á ò¿ ú üú¿J G This takes a function or closure returning a future, and returns a newÁ üÉÀL I `Service` that chains that function after this service's [`Future`]. TheÁ üšÁJ G new `Service`'s future will consist of this service's future, followedÁ üéÁL I by the future returned by calling the chained function with the future'sÁ üºÂI F [`Output`] type. The chained function is called regardless of whetherÁ üˆÃI F this service's future completes with a successful response or with anÁ TÖà error.Á åà ú üíÃD A This method can be thought of as an equivalent to the [`futures`Á ü¶ÄJ G crate]'s [`FutureExt::then`] combinator, but acting on `Service`s thatÁ ü…ÅL I _return_ futures, rather than on an individual future. Similarly to thatÁ üÖÅJ G combinator, [`ServiceExt::then`] can be used to implement asynchronousÁ ü¥ÆE B error recovery, by calling some asynchronous function with errorsÁ üïÆJ G returned by this service. Alternatively, it may also be used to call aÁ ü¾ÇI F fallible async function with the successful response of this service.Á ŒÈ ú ü”ÈJ ݾ üãÈK æó ü³ÉG D of the service. However, because the `then` function is not appliedÁ üÿÉJ ”õ üÎÊK èõ üžËD A returned by the `then` future. This is trivial when the functionÁ üçËJ •÷ ü¶ÌA é÷ üÌ ú t„Í ÀÁ —Í ú <ŸÍ Ÿó ü«Í% äÁ üÕÍ' “ ,�Πו ì‹Î РäÎ ö üÎÎ' œÃ ÜúÎ Ìà LšÏ ðà <¨Ï í– ,´Ï ו ¼¾Ï # type Record = ();Á ÄÚÏ # type DbError = ();Á ,÷Ï ×• ü�Ð- ”Å ü³Ð ËÅ ì×Ð ºü üùÐB —ˆ
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,ÀÑ ×• üÊÑY éÆ ü¨Ò ÌÇ LÌÒ ðà ,ÚÒ ×• üäÒ: �È ü£Ó& # # std::future::ready(Ok(()))Á LÎÓ ðà <ÜÓ í– ,èÓ ×• ŒòÓ Ù¬ üˆÔ2 °Š
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ü¿Ô9 ’Ë ýÔ ú ü…ÕM J // An async function that attempts to recover from errors returned by theÁ „×Õ
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# Ok(())Á ,åÖ ¸Ä „ïÖ ÂÊ „× ú üŒ×F C // If the database service returns an error, attempt to recover byÁ ü××O L // calling `recover_from_error`. Otherwise, return the successful response.Á ü«Ø< 9 let mut new_service = service.then(|result| async move {Á ´ìØ match result {Á ü‡Ù% " Ok(record) => Ok(record),Á ü±Ù2 / Err(e) => recover_from_error(e).await,Á LèÙ òÌ <öÙ –ß ‚Ú ú ÜŠÚ ÔÍ „ªÚ øÍ ä¿Ú ä�
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\ÔÛ ÐÎ <äÛ í– <ðÛ Ÿó üÛ ú ü„Ü& # [`Future`]: crate::Service::FutureÁ ü¯Ü+ ( [`Output`]: std::future::Future::OutputÁ üßÜ. + [`futures` crate]: https://docs.rs/futuresÁ ü’Ýg d [`FutureExt::then`]: https://docs.rs/futures/latest/futures/future/trait.FutureExt.html#method.thenÁ üþÝ$ »Þ ü§Þ* ÒÀ üÖÞ. †Á ü‰ß! ×›
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à ŽžÙÈÓêÙúꎨ¢$Ðß ± Öß Ÿ¡ £¥ §© « üæñç üØáH E Composes a function that transforms futures produced by the service.Á ¥â ú üâ\ Y This takes a function or closure returning a future computed from the future returned byÁ üŽãV S the service's [`call`] method, as opposed to the responses produced by the future.Á éã ú tñã ÀÁ „ä ú <Œä Ÿó ü˜ä% äÁ üÂä1 . # use tower::{Service, ServiceExt, BoxError};Á ,øä ו ì‚å Рä¤å ö üÅå' œÃ Üñå Ìà L‘æ ðà <Ÿæ í– ,«æ ו ¼µæ ð·
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üŽì9 ’Ë „Ìì ÂÊ áì ú üéìB ? let mut new_service = service.map_future(|future| async move {Á ü°íA > let res = timeout(Duration::from_secs(1), future).await?;Á ôöí Ok::<_, BoxError>(res)Á <™î –ß ¥î ú Üî ÔÍ „Íî øÍ äâî ä�
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\øï ÐÎ <ˆð í– <”ð Ÿó ð ú ü¨ð] Z Note that normally you wouldn't implement timeouts like this and instead use [`Timeout`].Á Šñ ú ü’ñ" [`call`]: crate::Service::callÁ ü¹ñ( % [`Timeout`]: crate::timeout::TimeoutÁTéñ ŽžÓê ˜ ˜ ×— ›Þ* ‰ œ± ‰ šdMo
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$�ò ± “ò 69 <? 7: 25 üòý˜ üÿóC @ Convert the service into a [`Service`] + [`Send`] trait object.Á Çô ú üÏô( % See [`BoxService`] for more details.Á üô ú ü„õH E If `Self` implements the [`Clone`] trait, the [`boxed_clone`] methodÁ üÑõC @ can be used instead, to produce a boxed service which will alsoÁ Ä™ö implement [`Clone`].Á ¶ö ú l¾ö Ðü Ðö ú <Øö Ÿó üäöM J use tower::{Service, ServiceExt, BoxError, service_fn, util::BoxService};Á ,¶÷ ו ¬À÷ å• ´Ú÷ ƒ– ¬õ÷ ¢– ü�ø# Á– <·ø í– Ãø ú üËø3 0 let service = service_fn(|req: Request| async {Á üƒù* ' Ok::<_, BoxError>(Response::new())Á <²ù –ß ¾ù ú üÆùB ? let service: BoxService<Request, Response, BoxError> = serviceÁ ä�ú µ™ ü®ú) Û™ |Üú �š Tðú ¥š ìÿú ¸š ü¡û* ßš |Ðû ’› Täû ¥š Œóû .boxed();Á ü‰ü, ”Ÿ üºü* É üéü! ý <�ý Ÿó ›ý ú ü£ý �ù üÇý& # [`boxed_clone`]: Self::boxed_cloneÁ,õý Žž “ “ ´* —Þ* … ¹~–Fp¾ÙÈ�Ü üé Ê Ê ®µ ,Íþ Ì쎞 $Õþ Žž<Üþ ÌìÊÖ
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ê ŽžÙÈ$ûý üú‰« üºÿO L Convert the service into a [`Service`] + [`Clone`] + [`Send`] trait object.Á Ž€ ú ü–€R O This is similar to the [`boxed`] method, but it requires that `Self` implementÁ üí€C @ [`Clone`], and the returned boxed service implements [`Clone`].Á üµ�- * See [`BoxCloneService`] for more details.Á ç� ú lï� Ðü �‚ ú <‰‚ Ÿó ü•‚R O use tower::{Service, ServiceExt, BoxError, service_fn, util::BoxCloneService};Á ,ì‚ ×• ¬ö‚ å• ´�ƒ ƒ– ¬«ƒ ¢– üŃ# Á– <íƒ í– ùƒ ú ü�„3 ÐÜ
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<è„ –ß ô„ ú üü„G D let service: BoxCloneService<Request, Response, BoxError> = serviceÁ äÈ… µ™ üé…) Û™ |—† �š T«† ¥š 캆 ¸š ü܆* ßš |‹‡ ’› TŸ‡ ¥š ¼®‡ .boxed_clone();Á ʇ ú üÒ‡- * // The boxed service can still be cloned.Á ¤„ˆ service.clone();Á ü�ˆ, ”Ÿ üΈ* É üýˆ! ý <£‰ Ÿó ¯‰ ú ü·‰ �ù ÔÛ‰ [`boxed`]: Self::boxedÁ\ý‰ Žž ö ö ÷¨0 ûˆ ê bßd”?SÙÈ�Ü üé Ê Ê ®µ ,èŠ ØŽž ,àŠ ¨â
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ë ŽžÙÈ$‰Š üØ‹[ ¥ í  î î í Îì¡À Ý‹ …À<è‹ òËü”Œ ¡À " ü¿‘? ü¸Œ0 - Convert an `Option<Layer>` into a [`Layer`].Á éŒ ú <íŒ Ÿó ôõŒ # use std::time::Duration;Á Ì”� # use tower::Service;Á ü®�) & # use tower::builder::ServiceBuilder;Á üØ�" use tower::util::option_layer;Á üû�' $ # use tower::timeout::TimeoutLayer;Á ü£Žm j # async fn wrap<S>(svc: S) where S: Service<(), Error = &'static str> + 'static + Send, S::Future: Send {Á ü‘�/ , # let timeout = Some(Duration::new(10, 0));Á üÁ�- * // Layer to apply a timeout if configuredÁ üï�E B let maybe_timeout = option_layer(timeout.map(TimeoutLayer::new));Á µ� ú ̹� ServiceBuilder::new()Á ìÓ� .layer(maybe_timeout)Á ´ñ� .service(svc);Á <ˆ‘ í– <�‘ Ÿó ˜‘ ú üœ‘" [`Layer`]: crate::layer::LayerÁdÆ‘ ۼݼ޼© ß¼ à¼ÛἈ cSñŸ«‡zÙùù ¶ ¹ º¶� »ˆ ¼ ½Ï� ¾ˆ ÊöÞ‚‚œùùµú � ð ð Íìùù Ó‘
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GI ü³ > ü¯ 4 1 Add a new layer `T` into the [`ServiceBuilder`].Á è ú üð L I This wraps the inner service with the service provided by a user-definedÁ üÁ E B [`Layer`]. The provided layer must implement the [`Layer`] trait.Á ‹ ú Ü“ µù,º Êù’Æ • • ʧ —þ ñ ‚éX¹;9éèòò žö
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ùù’Æ$é&þ,÷& " üï)T ü�(] Z Add a [`Layer`] built from a function that accepts a service and returns another service.Á ñ(ú üù(< 9 See the documentation for [`layer_fn`] for more details.Á º)ú üÂ)( % [`layer_fn`]: crate::layer::layer_fnÁDö) ÊùóÁ • • ʧ —þ ñ ‚éX¹;9éèòò žö
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ùùóÁ$‚*± ˆ* " ü÷@Y üÐ=H E Retry failed requests according to the given [retry policy][policy].Á �>ú ü¥>F C `policy` determines which failed requests will be retried. It mustÁ üð>2 / implement the [`retry::Policy`][policy] trait.Á §?ú ü¯?B ? This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`Retry`]Á |ö?‰ì Š@ú Ü’@ [`Retry`]: crate::retryÁ ü²@" [policy]: crate::retry::PolicyÁ »ŽŒß@ÌÙ@,þ@ ÊùˆÀ • • ʧ —þ ñ ‚éX¹;9éèòò žö
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ùùˆÀ$‡AË4�A " ü�Eƒ ü˜B2 / Fail requests that take longer than `timeout`.Á ÏBú ü×BH E If the next layer takes more than `timeout` to respond to a request,Á ü¤C6 3 processing is terminated and an error is returned.Á ßCú üçCD A This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`timeout`]Á |°D‰ì ÄDú üÌD [`timeout`]: crate::timeoutÁ »íœöDÜðD<—E Êù‘Œ • • ʧ —þ ñ ‚éX¹;9éèòò žö
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ùù$¨Eí<¶Eüç^« üæO$ ! Map one request type to another.Á �Pú ü—PG D This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`MapRequest`]Á |ãP‰ì ÷Pú tÿPÀÁ ’Qú üšQ# Changing the type of a request:Á ÂQú \ÊQãÁ ôÚQ use tower::ServiceBuilder;Á ÔýQ use tower::ServiceExt;Á œRú ¤¤R£ö ü½R) & # async fn main() -> Result<(), ()> {Á üëRE B // Suppose we have some `Service` whose request type is `String`:Á üµSE B let string_svc = tower::service_fn(|request: String| async move {Á üÿS) & println!("request: {}", request);Á tT Ok(())Á <ÀT–ß ÌTú üÔTI F // ...but we want to call that service with a `usize`. What do we do?Á ¢Uú üªU) & let usize_svc = ServiceBuilder::new()Á üØUJ G // Add a middleware that converts the request type to a `String`:Á ü§V= : .map_request(|request: usize| format!("{}", request))Á üéV? < // ...and wrap the string service with that middleware:Á ìW .service(string_svc);Á ÏWú ü×W4 1 // Now, we can call that service with a `usize`:Á ü�X! usize_svc.oneshot(42).await?;Á d¶Xéú <ÇXí– <ÓXŸó ßXú üçX Modifying the request value:Á ŒYú \”YãÁ ô¤Yû“ ÔÇY¢” æYú ¤îY£ö ü‡Z)ß” üµZ4 1 // A service that takes a number and returns it:Á üîZ= : let svc = tower::service_fn(|request: usize| async move {Á ”°[ Ok(request)Á <Ç[–ß Ó[ú üÛ[# let svc = ServiceBuilder::new()Á üƒ\8 5 // Add a middleware that adds 1 to each requestÁ üÀ\2 / .map_request(|request: usize| request + 1)Á ´÷\Âò
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’]ú üš]) & let response = svc.oneshot(1).await?;Á äÈ] assert_eq!(response, 2);Á dé]éú <ú]í– <†^Ÿó ’^ú üš^+ ( [`MapRequest`]: crate::util::MapRequestÁ »û „Ð^ÄÊ^\î^ ÊùóÁ • • ʧ —þ ñ ‚éX¹;9éèòò žö
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ùùóÁ±â˜è$Ž_± œ_PR UW Z\ üécw üÝ`% " Map one response type to another.Á ‡aú ü�aH E This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`MapResponse`]Á |Üa‰ì ðaú üøaJ G See the documentation for the [`map_response` combinator] for details.Á Çbú üÏb- * [`MapResponse`]: crate::util::MapResponseÁ ü�cF C [`map_response` combinator]: crate::util::ServiceExt::map_responseÁ »û „ÒcÄÌcdðc ÊùóÁ • • ʧ —þ ñ ‚éX¹;9éèòò žö
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